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Diffusion

     Plant cells, like all other living cells, are surrounded by a semi permeable membrane, and any particle moving into or out of the cell must cross this membrane. There are three basic processes by which particles move across plant cell membranes: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
    The process of active transport requires the direct input of energy to move particles across the cell membrane. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion can occur without the direct expenditure of cellular energy. 
    Diffusion is possible in a liquid or gaseous phase are not static, they are in constant motion as a result of kinetic energy, which exists at temperatures above absolute zero (–273.16 degrees Celsius, or –459.69 degrees Fahrenheit). 
    As the concentration of a substance increases, its free energy also increases. When molecules move, they collide with one another and exchange kinetic energy, and there is a random but progressive movement from regions of high free energy (high concentration) to regions of low free energy (low concentration). 

    Diffusion is an important process in the lives of plants. Water is an important component of all cells, and water moves into plant cells by the process of osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. Many plant nutrients reach the root surface via diffusion through the soil solution. 
    Some nutrient molecules diffuse across root cell membranes into the cytosol or from the cytosol of the endodermal cells into the xylemtissue. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the atmosphere through the stomata and into the air spaces of leaves. Water vapor evaporates from the surface of a leaf by diffusion through the open stomata.

    Substances with low lipid solubility can move across membranes via facilitated diffusion. In this process, the substance binds to a transporter molecule, generally called an ionophore, which transports the substance across the membrane and down its concentration gradient.
 

a. Active Transport
     Diffusion and facilitated diffusion do not require the direct input of cellular energy because they involve transport down a concentration gradient, moving substances against their concentration gradient requires the expenditure of energy. This "uphill" movement across membranes is called active transport. 
                                        

     The most common source of energy for active transport comes from adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). When this high-energy phosphate is hydrolyzed; the stored energy is released to drive cellular reactions such as active transport. More specifically, the substance is moved across the membrane by a carrier protein embedded in the membrane.
     There are two important modifications of the active transport process: co-transport and counter transport, both of which involve the movement of one substance down its concentration gradient while simultaneously transporting another substance against its specialized membrane proteins. Although these proteins do not require an energy source to operate, ATP is still indirectly consumed. The substance being moved down its concentration gradient would eventually be at equal concentrations on each side of the membrane. To counteract this, active transport, with hydrolysis of ATP as the energy source, is used to pump the substance across the membrane to maintain the gradient.

 

b. Comparison between Osmosis and Diffusion

Posted Date : 01-10-2022

గమనిక : ప్రతిభ.ఈనాడు.నెట్‌లో కనిపించే వ్యాపార ప్రకటనలు వివిధ దేశాల్లోని వ్యాపారులు, సంస్థల నుంచి వస్తాయి. మరి కొన్ని ప్రకటనలు పాఠకుల అభిరుచి మేరకు కృత్రిమ మేధస్సు సాంకేతికత సాయంతో ప్రదర్శితమవుతుంటాయి. ఆ ప్రకటనల్లోని ఉత్పత్తులను లేదా సేవలను పాఠకులు స్వయంగా విచారించుకొని, జాగ్రత్తగా పరిశీలించి కొనుక్కోవాలి లేదా వినియోగించుకోవాలి. వాటి నాణ్యత లేదా లోపాలతో ఈనాడు యాజమాన్యానికి ఎలాంటి సంబంధం లేదు. ఈ విషయంలో ఉత్తర ప్రత్యుత్తరాలకు, ఈ-మెయిల్స్ కి, ఇంకా ఇతర రూపాల్లో సమాచార మార్పిడికి తావు లేదు. ఫిర్యాదులు స్వీకరించడం కుదరదు. పాఠకులు గమనించి, సహకరించాలని మనవి.

 

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