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INTRODUCTION

   Reproduction or procreation is the biological process by which new individual organisms (offspring) are produced from their parents.

              

Key points
* This is a fundamental feature of all known life.
* Each individual organism in the universe exists as the result of reproduction.

 

There are two forms of reproduction, they are
i. Sexual reproduction
ii. Asexual reproduction

 

i. Sexual reproduction
     Sexual reproduction is a biological process that creates a new organism by combining the genetic material of two organisms in a process that starts with meiosis, a specialized type of cell division. Each of two parent organisms contributes half of the offspring's genetic makeup by creating haploid gametes.

 

Key points
* In this reproduction, it requires the sexual interaction of two organisms or gametes of the same species.
* One from each sex to produce offspring organisms, whose genetic characteristics are derived from those of the parent organisms.

Again sexual reproduction is two types
    a. Meiosis process
    b. Fertilization

 

a. Meiosis process
    Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division which reduces the chromosome number by half. This process occurs in all sexually reproducing eukaryotes including animals, plants and fungi.

 

Key points
* In meiosis, DNA replication is followed by two rounds of cell division to produce four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.
* The two meiotic divisions are known as meiosis - I and meiosis - II.
* Before meiosis begins, during S phase of the cell cycle, the DNA of each chromosome is replicated so that it consists of two identical sister chromatids attached at a centromere.
* In meiosis - I, homologous chromosomes pair with each other and can exchange genetic material in a process called chromosomal crossover.
* The homologous chromosomes are then pulled apart into two new separate daughter cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
* At the end of meiosis - I, sister chromatids remain attached and may differ from one another if crossing-over occurred. In meiosis - II, the two cells produced during meiosis - I divide again.
* During this division, sister chromatids detach from one another and are separated into four total daughter cells. These cells can mature into gametes, spores, pollen, and other reproductive cells.
* A typical diploid human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

 

b. Fertilization
     Fertilisation or fertilization (also known as conception, fecundation and syngamy) is the fusion of gametes to initiate the development of a new individual organism.

 

Key points
* The gametes that participate in fertilization of plants are the sperm (male), and the egg cell, and in flowering plants a second fertilization event involves another sperm cell and the central cell which is a second female gamete.
* In flowering plants there are two sperm from each pollen grain.
* In seed plants, after pollination, a pollen grain germinates, and a pollen tube grows and penetrates the ovule through a tiny pore called a micropyle. The sperm are transferred from the pollen through the pollen tube.

 

ii. Asexual reproduction
     Asexual reproduction is a process by which organisms create genetically similar or identical copies of themselves without the contribution of genetic material from another organism.

Key points
* In this reproduction an organism can reproduce without the involvement of another organism.
* It is not limited to single celled organisms.
* The cloning of an organism is a form of asexual reproduction.
These are of five types, they are
    1. Fission
    2. Budding
    3. Regeneration
    4. Vegetative reproduction
    5. Cloning

Posted Date : 03-02-2021

గమనిక : ప్రతిభ.ఈనాడు.నెట్‌లో కనిపించే వ్యాపార ప్రకటనలు వివిధ దేశాల్లోని వ్యాపారులు, సంస్థల నుంచి వస్తాయి. మరి కొన్ని ప్రకటనలు పాఠకుల అభిరుచి మేరకు కృత్రిమ మేధస్సు సాంకేతికత సాయంతో ప్రదర్శితమవుతుంటాయి. ఆ ప్రకటనల్లోని ఉత్పత్తులను లేదా సేవలను పాఠకులు స్వయంగా విచారించుకొని, జాగ్రత్తగా పరిశీలించి కొనుక్కోవాలి లేదా వినియోగించుకోవాలి. వాటి నాణ్యత లేదా లోపాలతో ఈనాడు యాజమాన్యానికి ఎలాంటి సంబంధం లేదు. ఈ విషయంలో ఉత్తర ప్రత్యుత్తరాలకు, ఈ-మెయిల్స్ కి, ఇంకా ఇతర రూపాల్లో సమాచార మార్పిడికి తావు లేదు. ఫిర్యాదులు స్వీకరించడం కుదరదు. పాఠకులు గమనించి, సహకరించాలని మనవి.

 

స్ట‌డీ మెటీరియ‌ల్‌

పాత ప్రశ్నప‌త్రాలు

 

విద్యా ఉద్యోగ సమాచారం

 

నమూనా ప్రశ్నపత్రాలు

 

లేటెస్ట్ నోటిఫికేష‌న్స్‌