|
Direct speech |
Indirect speech |
|
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." |
Past perfect simple ›She said that she had been on the web since 1999. |
|
Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." |
Past perfect continuous › She said that she had been teaching English for seven years. |
|
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday. |
Past perfect ›She said that she had taught online yesterday. |
|
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier." |
Past perfect continuous ›She said that she had been teaching earlier. |
|
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." |
Past perfect ›NO CHANGE - She said that the lesson had already started when he arrived. |
|
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." |
Past perfect continuous ›NO CHANGE - She said that she had already been teaching for five minutes. |
Modal Verb Cases
|
Direct speech |
Indirect speech |
|
will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." |
would › She said that she would teach English online tomorrow. |
|
can She said, "I can teach English online." |
could ›She said that she could teach English online. |
|
must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online." |
had to ›She said that she had to have a computer toteach English online. |
|
shall She said, "What shall we learn today?" › |
Should ›She asked what we should learn that day. |
|
may She said, "May I open a new browser?" |
might › She asked if she might open a new browser. |
1. reporting a conversation that is still going on.
2. reading a letter or something else and reporting what it said.
4. reporting a statement that someone makes very often.
e.g.: Rani says, “I will never get married.”
Rani says that she will never get married.
* when the introductory verb (reporting verb) is in a present, present perfect or future
tense (less common), the tense of the direct speech does not change.
e.g.: He has just said, “My master is writing letters."
He has just said (that) his master is writing letters.
5. Adverb (Time) Change: If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you
must change it to fit in with the time of reporting. For example, we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting. The following are the adverbs or expressions of time, if the direct speech happens to be
reported on a different day.
|
Adverb found in the given Direct Speech |
Change in Adverb form to be written in Indirect Speech |
|
this |
That |
|
these |
Those |
|
here |
There |
|
hence, hereby, etc., |
thence, thereby, etc. |
|
now |
Then |
|
today |
that day |
|
tomorrow |
the next day / the following day |
|
yesterday |
the day before / the previous day |
|
tonight |
that night |
|
last night |
the night before / the previous night |
|
ago |
Before |
|
thus |
so |
* పైన ఇచ్చిన పట్టికల్లోని విషయ పరిజ్ఞానంతో వివిధ రకాల వాక్యాలను డైరెక్ట్ స్పీచ్ నుంచి ఇన్డైరెక్ట్ స్పీచ్లోకి మార్చిన ఉదాహరణలు ఇవిగో...
FROM DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPEECH
* Statements (Declarative Sentences)
e.g. Direct Speech : She said to him, “I am very busy now.”
Indirect Speech: She told him that she was very busy then.
e.g. Direct Speech: The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
Indirect Speech: The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.
Case 1: Wh-words & How
e.g. Direct Speech: She said to him, “Where are you going now?”
Indirect Speech: She asked him where he was going then.
* Report the following sentences carefully.
1. He said to them, “The Bible is a holy book.”
2. He said to them, “I read the Bible everyday.”
3. He said to them, “I am reading the Bible now.”
4. He said to them, “I have read the Bible recently.”
5. He said to them, “I have been reading the Bible since 2009.”
6. He said to them, “I read the Bible in my childhood.”
1. He told them that the Bible is a holy book.
2. He told them that he read the Bible everyday.
3. He told them that he was reading the Bible then.
4. He told them that he had read the Bible recently.
5. He told them that he had been reading the Bible since 2009.
6. He told them that he had read the Bible in his childhood.
8. He said to them, “I had read the Bible and went out for a walk last week.”
9. He said to them, “I had been reading the Bible during my school days.”
10. He said to them, “I will read the Bible tomorrow.”
11. He said to them, “I shall read the Bible tomorrow.”
12. He said to them, “I will be reading the Bible in my journey tomorrow.”
13. He said to them, “I will have read the Bible by this time tomorrow.”
14. He said to them, “I will have been reading the Bible during my post-retirement.”
8. He told them that he had read the Bible and went out for a walk the previous week.
9. He told them that he had been reading the Bible during his school days.
10. He told them that he would read the Bible the next day.
11. He told them that he would read the Bible the next day.
12. He told them that he would be reading the Bible in his journey the next day.
13. He told them that he would have read the Bible by that time the following day.
14. He told them that he would have been reading the Bible during his post-retirement.
16. He said to them, “I must read the Bible.”
17. He said to them, “Do you read the Bible?”
18. He said to them, “When will you read the Bible?
19. He said to them, “How do you read the Bible?”
20. He said to them, “Read the Bible.”
21. He said to them, “Please read the Bible.”
ANSWERS :
15. He told them that they should read the Bible everyday.
16. He told them that he had to read the Bible.
17. He asked them if they read the Bible.
18. He asked them when they would read the Bible.
19. He asked them how they read the Bible.
20. He ordered/told them to read the Bible.
21. He requested them to read the Bible.
23. He said to them, “What a reading of the Bible!”
24. He said to them, “Let it take its own time, I shall read the Bible.”
25. He says to them, “I read the Bible for salvation.”
26. He said to them, “I must read the Bible now.”
27. He said to them, “I need not read the Bible.”
28. He said to them, “I must read the Bible next week.”
ANSWERS :
22. He advised them not to read anything except the Bible.
23. He exclaimed and said that it was a wonderful reading of the Bible.
24. He told them that he would read the Bible however long it might take time.
25. He says to them that he reads the Bible for salvation.
26. He told them that he had to read the Bible at once. / He told them that he was not to
read the Bible then.
27. He told them that he did not have to read the Bible.
28. He told them that he would have to read the Bible the following week.
29. He said to them, “You must not read the Bible at odd times.”
30. He said to them, “Yes, I have read the Bible wholeheartedly.”
ANSWERS :
29. He told them that they must not read the Bible at odd times.
30. He confessed that he had read the Bible wholeheartedly.
Writer E. Ram Bhaskar Raju, English Sr. Lecturer.
