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Direct Speech and Indirect Speech

       Direct speech        Indirect speech
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
Past perfect simple
›She said that she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
Past perfect continuous
‣ She said that she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday.
Past perfect
‣ She said that she had taught online yesterday
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier."
Past perfect continuous
‣ She said that she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."
Past perfect
‣ NO CHANGE - She said that the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."
Past perfect continuous
​​​​​​​‣ NO CHANGE - She said that she had already been teaching for five minutes.


Modal Verb Cases
.

* Indirect speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense usually when we are:
1. reporting a conversation that is still going on.
2. reading a letter or something else and reporting what it said.
3. reading instructions and reporting them.
4. reporting a statement that someone makes very often.
                e.g.: Rani says, “I will never get married.”
                        Rani says that she will never get married.
* when the introductory verb (reporting verb) is in a present, present perfect or future
tense (less common), the tense of the direct speech does not change.
                e.g.: He has just said, “My master is writing letters."
                        He has just said (that) his master is writing letters.
5. Adverb (Time) Change: If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you
must change it to fit in with the time of reporting. For example, we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting. The following are the adverbs or expressions of time, if the direct speech happens to be
reported on a different day.
వివరణ: అయిదోది మరియు చివరిదీ అయిన ఈ మార్పులో Adverbs ను (డైరెక్ట్ స్పీచ్ పార్ట్‌లో ఒకవేళ ఉంటే) దానికి అనుగుణంగా మార్చి రాయాలి. Words expressing nearness are generally changed into words expressing distance.
  Expressions like -- this (evening), today ,yesterday, these(days), now, (a week) ago, last weekend, here, next (week), tomorrow etc. become that(evening), that day, the previous day/ the day before, those(days), then, (a week) before, the weekend before / the previous weekend, there, the following (week), the next/following day etc.,


CONVERSION OF ADVERB


e.g. She said, “I will come tomorrow.” ↔ She said that she would come the next day.
. పైన ఇచ్చిన పట్టికల్లోని విషయ పరిజ్ఞానంతో వివిధ రకాల వాక్యాలను డైరెక్ట్ స్పీచ్ నుంచి ఇన్‌డైరెక్ట్ స్పీచ్‌లోకి మార్చిన ఉదాహరణలు ఇవిగో...

 

SAMPLING OF TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES
FROM DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPEECH
* Statements (Declarative Sentences)
Case 1: Plain Statements
           e.g.   Direct Speech : She said to him, “I am very busy now.”
                    Indirect Speech: She told him that she was very busy then.
Case 2: Universal Truths (where tense change is not applicable)
          e.g.   Direct Speech: The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
                   Indirect Speech: The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

 

* Questions ( Interrogative Sentences)
Case 1: Wh-words & How
        e.g.   Direct Speech: She said to him, “Where are you going now?”
              Indirect Speech: She asked him where he was going then.
          Direct Speech: She said to him, “Where do you work?”
              Indirect Speech: She asked him where he worked.
                Direct Speech: She said to him, “How do you go to office?”
              Indirect Speech: She asked him how he went to office.

 

Case 2: Yes-No Questions
        e.g.  Direct Speech: She said to him, “Do you play cricket?”
              Indirect Speech: She asked him if he played cricket.
                Direct Speech: She said to him, “Do you play cricket?”
              Indirect Speech: She asked him whether he played cricket.

 

* Orders, Requests, Suggestions etc., ( Imperative Sentences)
Case 1: Positive Sentences
        e.g.  Direct Speech: She said to him, “Open the door.”
              Indirect Speech: She ordered him to open the door.
                Direct Speech: She said to him, “Open the door.”
              Indirect Speech: She told him to open the door.
                Direct Speech: She said to him, “Please open the door.”
             Indirect Speech: She requested him to open the door.

 

Case 2: Negative Sentences
        e.g. Direct Speech: She said to him, “Don’t open the door.”
                Indirect Speech: She ordered him not to open the door.
                Direct Speech: She said to him, “Please don’t open the door.”
              Indirect Speech: She requested him not to open the door.

 

*  Exclamatory Sentences
Case 1: Positive feeling
                Direct Speech: She said, “What a nice shot!”
              Indirect Speech: She exclaimed and said that it was a nice shot.

 

Case 2: Negative feeling
                Direct Speech: She said, “How disgusting!”
             Indirect Speech: She exclaimed and said that it was very disgusting.
          కాబట్టి ఈ విధమైన సమగ్ర సమాచార సహాయంతో ఒక వాక్యాన్ని డైరెక్ట్ స్పీచ్ నుంచి ఇన్‌డైరెక్ట్ స్పీచ్ (రిపోర్టెడ్ స్పీచ్)లోకి సులభంగా మార్చవచ్చు. దీనికి కావల్సిందల్లా తగినంత ప్రాక్టీస్. అందుకోసం ఈకింద ఇచ్చిన అభ్యాసాలను సాధనచేసి, జవాబులు సరిచూసుకోండి.

 

Posted Date : 29-08-2020

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గమనిక : ప్రతిభ.ఈనాడు.నెట్‌లో కనిపించే వ్యాపార ప్రకటనలు వివిధ దేశాల్లోని వ్యాపారులు, సంస్థల నుంచి వస్తాయి. మరి కొన్ని ప్రకటనలు పాఠకుల అభిరుచి మేరకు కృత్రిమ మేధస్సు సాంకేతికత సాయంతో ప్రదర్శితమవుతుంటాయి. ఆ ప్రకటనల్లోని ఉత్పత్తులను లేదా సేవలను పాఠకులు స్వయంగా విచారించుకొని, జాగ్రత్తగా పరిశీలించి కొనుక్కోవాలి లేదా వినియోగించుకోవాలి. వాటి నాణ్యత లేదా లోపాలతో ఈనాడు యాజమాన్యానికి ఎలాంటి సంబంధం లేదు. ఈ విషయంలో ఉత్తర ప్రత్యుత్తరాలకు, ఈ-మెయిల్స్ కి, ఇంకా ఇతర రూపాల్లో సమాచార మార్పిడికి తావు లేదు. ఫిర్యాదులు స్వీకరించడం కుదరదు. పాఠకులు గమనించి, సహకరించాలని మనవి.

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