The Industrial Revolution, a watershed moment in human history, emerged in the late 18th century and continued well into the 19th century, progressing gradually. This period marked a ..... (1) ..... shift from agrarian, manual labour based economies to industrial and mechanized systems, fundamentally altering the way goods were produced and societies functioned. The transformation was fuelled by a series of technological ..... (2) ..... and changes in manufacturing processes, ushering in an era of unprecedented progress and upheaval. At the heart of the Industrial Revolution were advancements in machinery, particularly in textile manufacturing, with the invention of the spinning jenny, water frame, and later, the power loom, ..... (3) ..... increasing textile production. This shift from manual labour to machines revolutionized industries, leading to increased productivity and the establishment of factories, which became centres of production in urban areas. The development of the steam engine by James Watt in the late 18th century was a major breakthrough, powering locomotives and steamships, and driving the expansion of transportation networks. The effects of the Industrial Revolution were multifaceted, profoundly ..... (4) ..... various aspects of society. It brought about urbanization on an unprecedented scale, as rural populations migrated to cities in search of employment opportunities in factories. The ..... (5) ..... growth of cities led to overcrowding, inadequate living conditions, and social challenges, but it also fostered cultural exchange, intellectual discourse, and the rise of a middle class. The Industrial Revolution transformed economies, shifting them from agrarianbasedsystems to industrial economies ..... (6) ..... on manufacturing and trade. This shift led to the accumulation of wealth by industrialists and entrepreneurs, while also creating a new class of laborers working in factories, often in harsh and dangerous conditions. Additionally, the ..... (7) ..... of capitalism as the dominant economic system fuelled industrial expansion, competition, and the accumulation of capital, laying the groundwork for modern economic structures. While the Industrial Revolution spurred remarkable advancements in technology and production, it also raised significant societal concerns. The ..... (8) ..... of labour, particularly child labour, and the absence of labour regulations led to widespread social activism and calls for workers' rights. The conditions in factories, characterized by long working hours, low wages, and poor safety standards, spurred movements ..... (9) ..... for labour reforms and better working conditions. The Industrial Revolution was a period of dynamic change, marked by both progress and challenges. Its impact extended far beyond its chronological boundaries, shaping the course of history and laying the groundwork for the modern world. The inventions, technological innovations, and economic shifts that emerged during this period continue to ..... (10) ..... contemporary societies and economies, underscoring the importance of this transformative era.
Directions (Qs. 1 - 10): Find out the appropriate word in all the cases.
1. A) monumental B) negligible
C) singular D) minimal
E) trivial
2. A) transactions B) innovations
C) suppressions D) excuses
E) failures
3. A) lightly B) slowly
C) dramatically D) generally
E) naturally
4. A) nothing B) reducing
C) excluding D) impacting
E) neglecting
5. A) fixed B) stagnant
C) leisurely D) slow
E) rapid
6. A) cantered B) exhausted
C) completed D) decreased
E) transferred
7. A) reduction B) emergence
C) deduction D) spoil
E) dissent
8. A) rejection B) use
C) exploitation D) preservation
E) saving
9. A) disturbing B) regressing
C) depreciating D) advocating
E) eradicating
10. A) confront B) trouble
C) satisfy D) reduce
E) influence
Key
1-A 2-B 3-C 4-D 5-E 6-A 7-B 8-C 9-D 10-E
