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Respiration: The energy releasing system

Conceptual understanding

1. What is Respiration?

A: Respiration is the process by which food is broken down for release of energy.

2. What is the origin of the word "Respiration"? What is the meaning of the word?

A: Respiration originates from the word "respire" which means "to breath" "Respire" is a Latin word.

3. Can you draw a flow chart of the pathway of air in our body?

A: Nostrils   nasal cavity  pharynx  larynx  trachea  bronchi  bronchioles  lungs  alveoli.

4. What is it that controls movement of air and food in the throat?

A: A flap like muscular valve called 'Epiglottis' controls movement of air and food towards their respective passages.

5.  Where does gaseous exchange take place?

A: Gaseous exchange takes place in alveoli. The blood capillaries in the alveoli take up oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.

6.  What is the nature of the lungs?

A: They are spongy and elastic in nature.

7.  What is diaphragm?

A: Diaphragm is a muscular tissue present at the floor of the chest cavity.

8.  Define inspiration and expiration.

A:  Inspiration: The rushing of the air from outside into the lungs when the volume of the chest cavity is increased when the internal pressure decreases is called inspiration.

Expiration: The expelling of the air from inside into the atmosphere when the chest wall is lowered and moves inward and the diaphragm relaxes and assumes its dome shape, increasing the pressure on the lungs that contracts the elastic tissues of the lungs to expel air out.

9.  What are the two stages in which glucose is oxidized?

A: Glucose is oxidized in two stages.

Stage 1: Glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

Stage 2: Pyruvic acid is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. this happens only in the presence of oxygen. Lot of energy is released.

If there is inadequate oxygen or no oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted into either ethanol or lactic acid and very little amount of energy is released.

10.  Where does respiration take place in plants?

A: Respiration occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria in plants.

11.  Where does gaseous exchange take place in plants?

A: Gaseous exchange takes place in stomata of leaves in plants.

12.  Write the differences between Photosynthesis and Respiration.

A: 

 

13. Write equations for photosynthesis and Respiration

A:  Equations: 

Photosynthesis: 

 

Respiration:  C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O  + 686 K. cal

14.  Write the significance of Respiration.

A: Respiration requires carbohydrates and oxygen to undergo the process. As the complex molecules are broken down in this process, we can say that it decreases the weight of the organism. Both plants and animals require respiration because it is the process in which food is converted into energy in the form of ATP, which is used for many processes within all organisms. We can say that both reactions transform energy in one way or another - either storing it or releasing it. Oxygen produced during photosynthesis replenishes the oxygen that was used up by the living organisms during respiration. The cycle of photosynthesis and respiration maintains the balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen on earth.

15.  Can you describe the organs of respiration in different animals in a table?

A: 

16.  How does respiration in amoeba occur by diffusion?

A: * Amoeba is an aquatic organism.

   * Oxygen is present both in cytoplasm and also in the surrounding water.

   * Due to respiration, oxygen present in the cytoplasm when compared to surrounding water.

   * This lowers the amount of oxygen present in the cytoplasm when compared to surrounding water.

   * When this happens, oxygen present in the water diffuses into cytoplasm.

   * Respiration is a continuous process, oxygen continuously diffuses from surrounding water into the animals.

17.  Write an account on the lungs of man?

A: * A pair of lungs are present in the chest cavity one on either side of the heart.

   * Lungs are spongy, elastic and are enclosed by two membranes called 'Pleura'.

   * Space between the two membranes of the pleura is filled with fluid.

   * Pleura protects the lungs from injury.

   * Right lung is large than the left lung.

   *  Right lung is made of three lobes while the left lung has only two lobes.

   * As mentioned earlier, the lung has several thousands of alveoli which are supplied with blood capillaries.

   *  The pulmonary artery brings de-oxygenated blood from heart to lungs.

   * After entering the lungs, the artery divides into several arteioles and capillaries and supplies de-oxygenated blood to alveoli.

   * Gaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli.

   * The oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to heart by the pulmonary vein.
 

Asking questions and making hypothesis

1.  See this diagram. Prepare 5 questions about it.         

A: 1. What are these organs?

     2. Do they aid in respiration?

     3. Why are the vessels in these organs branched?

     4. How do they help in any activity?

     5. I can tell how air enters inside by the help of arrows shown. But, how does the air go out?

2.  Prepare some questions on the doubts that arose in your mind while listening to the lesson "Respiration."

A:  1. What will happen if the respiratory tract is not moist?

      2. Are both lungs similar in size?

      3. Why alveoli are so small and uncountable in number?

      4. What is the gas that we give out in exhalation?

      5. What is the gas that we breath?

3.  See the following diagram. Prepare questions on it.

  

A: 1. With how many membranes are lungs protected?

     2. What is the fluid that fills between the two membranes?

     3. What is the function of the fluid?

     4. What happens if the nerves leading from the brain to the respiratory muscles are cut?

     5. What happens if the lungs are not protected by membranes?

 Experimentation and field investigation
 

1.  Rajesh concluded from the experiment conducted in his school that carbon dioxide is released during anaerobic respiration. He recorded the details of the experiment in his lab record. Can you identify the experiment and write it? 

A:  

Aim: To prove that carbon dioxide is released during anaerobic respiration.
Apparatus: Thermos flask, split cork, thermometer, wash bottle, glass tubes, liquid paraffin, glucose solution, yeast cells, bicarbonate solution.
Procedure:  * Boil the glucose solution in thermos flask for a minute.

* Cool it without shaking. By this action, you are removing the dissolved oxygen from the glucose solution.

 * Now, add some yeast to the solution and fix two-holed rubber stopper to the flask.

* Now, pour 1 cm layer of liquid paraffin into the mixture through the holes of the rubber stopper. By doing so, we are arresting the supply of oxygen from the air.

 * Insert one end of the thermometer into the thermos flask. See the end of the thermometer kept inside the solution.

 * Arrange for any gas produced by the yeast to escape through a wash bottle containing bicarbonate solution or lime water as shown in the figure.

 *  Add a few drops of diazine green (Janus Green B) solution to the yeast suspension before you pour liquid paraffin over it.

 * The blue diazine green solution turns pink when oxygen is in short supply around it.

 *  Warm the apparatus to about 37 degrees F in order to speed up the test.

 * Keep the apparatus undisturbed for one or two days.

Observations:  *After two days it is observed that lime water of the wash bottle turns into milky white precipitate.

  * Increase in temperature noted on yeast cells respire and release energy.

  * Alcohol smell is given off from the flask.
Inference:   These observations indicate that yeast cells respire anaerobical converting glucose solution into carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol and releasing heat energy.

 

Information skills and projects
 

1.  Go to a Zoologist or a biology expert. Collect information about the organs of respiration in various organisms and write in a tabular form.

A:  I went to a Zoology lecturer and collected information about the respiratory organ in different organisms. I have given the details of my project in the table below.

In primitive organisms, the need for respiratory organs was negligible. But, as the evolution progressed and complicated organisms evolved, respiratory organs and respiratory system too evolved.
 

2.  Go to a pulmonologist. Collect information about the diseases caused to lungs and record your collections in a tabular form.

A: We see people suffering from respiratory diseases. They suffer from breathing problems and problems in lungs. We get respiratory diseases due to many reasons. I went into our

community along with my friends to interview our community people about respiratory diseases and the reasons behind these diseases. We interviewed 50 people and came to know the different respiratory diseases and their reasons. We also interviewed a pulmonologist to know more about the diseases and reasons for these diseases. 

 


 

Communication through drawing, model making
 

1.  Show the process of respiration in Amoeba. 

A:
  

2.  Draw a flow chart of events/steps in Respiration. (5 Marks)

A: Respiration is a complex process of several biochemical and physical processes. This is the flow diagram of steps in Respiration.

3. Observe this diagram. Explain the working of diaphragm briefly.

  

 * The chest wall is made up of ribs, muscles and the skin.

 * When we inhale, the chest wall moves up and out.

 *  It happens to increase the volume of the chest cavity.

 * Diaphragm is dome shaped when it is relaxed.

 * It flattens out a bit and the dome moves downward when it contracts.

 * The volume of the chest cavity is increased due to contraction of diaphragm.

 * The increase in the chest cavity decreases the internal pressure thus resulting in the air from outside to rush inside the lungs. 

 * When the outside air enters the lungs it is inhalation or inspiration. 

 * When the chest wall lowers and moves inward, the diaphragm relaxes and assumes its dome shape. 

 *  Lowering of diaphragm increases the pressure on lungs. 

 * The elastic tissue in the lungs contracts and squeezes the air out through the nose to the external atmosphere. 

 * When the air from inside is sent out into external atmosphere it is called expiration.

(Practice other diagrams like Mitochondria , human lungs and diaphragm given in the lesson. Guess possible questions that can be asked about them and try to answer them)

 Appreciation and aesthetic sense, values

1.  What conclusion can be drawn from Lavoisier’s experiments?

A: The air that helped in burning was also the air that we breathe. He also concluded that the air that we breathe out or release from our body precipitates the limewater and turns it white.

2.  How would you appreciate the working of epiglottis? What might happen if epiglottis is not present in our system? (2 marks)

A: I would really appreciate the working of epiglottis. It protects the tube to the lungs, arresting entry of food. it is partly closed when we swallow food.

It deflects food down to the stomach and keeps it out of the trachea or wind pipe which is the route to the lungs. The epiglottis opens more widely when we take a breath and air enters the lungs. If epiglottis was not present in our system, we shall die of chocking as there would be no flap to arrest the food entering the wind pipe.

3.  What is the use of chambers in the lungs?

A: They increase the moist surface available for transfer of gases between air and blood. The linings of lungs are much folded and so they have enormous surface for exchange of gases. (Questions based on appreciating the respiratory system, respiratory gases and their use, working of diaphragm, cellular respiration, stomata, uses of aeration of roots etc shall be asked)

Application to daily life, concern to biodiversity

1.  Why is rate of respiration low at low temperatures?

A:  At low temperatures, enzymes are not active. So, the rate of respiration will be very low. That is the reason why food materials are stored in refrigerators and cold storage bins.

e.g.: Eggs, fruits, flowers, vegetables, meat, fish etc. 

2.  What happens to enzymes in high temperatures?

A: Enzymes are denatured (killed) and become inactive at high temperatures.

3.  What steps in the process of respiration does Lavoisier mention as an inference of his experiments?

A: Inhalation and exhalation.

4.  Satish went on a trekking camp with his college team. He carried an oxygen cylinder on his back. When he reached high altitude, he faced problem with the supply of oxygen through the cylinder due to some technical problem. he suffered a lot and felt suffocation. Can you explain why this happened? (2 Marks)

A: At a height of 13 km above sea level, the concentration of oxygen is much lower about one fifth at sea level. Under these conditions, only about half as many molecules of oxygencombine with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. Human life is impossible at such an altitude without a supplementary supply of oxygen. That is the reason why satish felt out of breath.

5.  Which gas do you think is Lavoisier talking about when he says chalky acid gas? (1 Mark)

A: Carbon dioxide

6.  It is a common observation that our breath is warmer than the air around us. Does respiration have anything to do with this? (2 Marks)

A:  Yes, the air released by us is warm. The reason behind this is that when you inhale air, the blood capillaries warm the incoming air so when you breathe out, you breathe the warm air warmed by the blood capillaries

(Questions on experiments and their use, yeast and its use, athlete activity and respiration, mountaineering and altitude problems, swallowing etc., shall be asked from this lesson)

Posted Date : 14-09-2021

గమనిక : ప్రతిభ.ఈనాడు.నెట్‌లో కనిపించే వ్యాపార ప్రకటనలు వివిధ దేశాల్లోని వ్యాపారులు, సంస్థల నుంచి వస్తాయి. మరి కొన్ని ప్రకటనలు పాఠకుల అభిరుచి మేరకు కృత్రిమ మేధస్సు సాంకేతికత సాయంతో ప్రదర్శితమవుతుంటాయి. ఆ ప్రకటనల్లోని ఉత్పత్తులను లేదా సేవలను పాఠకులు స్వయంగా విచారించుకొని, జాగ్రత్తగా పరిశీలించి కొనుక్కోవాలి లేదా వినియోగించుకోవాలి. వాటి నాణ్యత లేదా లోపాలతో ఈనాడు యాజమాన్యానికి ఎలాంటి సంబంధం లేదు. ఈ విషయంలో ఉత్తర ప్రత్యుత్తరాలకు, ఈ-మెయిల్స్ కి, ఇంకా ఇతర రూపాల్లో సమాచార మార్పిడికి తావు లేదు. ఫిర్యాదులు స్వీకరించడం కుదరదు. పాఠకులు గమనించి, సహకరించాలని మనవి.

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