Questions - Answers
1. What is position isomerism? Give an example.
A: Position isomerism:
The isomerism that arises due to the difference in the position of multiple bonds or functional group or substituent.
e.g.: C3 H7 OH has 2 isomers
2. What is functional group isomerism? Give example.
A. Functional group isomerism:
The isomerism that arises due to the difference in the functional group
e.g.: C2H6O
isomers:
CH3 CH2 OH, CH3 
O CH3
Ethyl alcohol Dimethyl ether
3. What is metamerism? Give metamers for C4H10O
A: Metamerism:
The isomerism that arised due to the difference in the nature of the alkyl groups attached to the same functional group.
e.g.: C4 H10 O
metamers:
C2H5 O C2H5 CH3 O C3H7
Diethyl ether Methyl, Propyl ether
4. Give IUPAC names of
A:
5. Write IUPAC names of
A:
6. if an alkene contains on carbons at double bond, Cl, Br and CH2 CH2 OH, CH(CH3)2, write E, Z configurations of it
A:
7. Write the names of A & B formed in the reaction
A:
8. What do you understand about geometrical isomerism? Explain geometrical isomers of 2-Butene
A: Geometrical isomerism:
The isomerism that arises due to different arrangement of atoms or groups arounddouble bonded carbon atoms (due to restricted rotation of double bond). If similargroups are on the same side of carbon atoms, it is called cis-isomer and if they are onthe opposite side of carbon atoms it is called trans-isomer.
9. Explain the types of organic reactions?
A: Types of Organic Reactions:
Organic reactions are mainly classified in 4 types as below.
Substitution Reactions:
Reactions involving the substitution of an atom or a group of atoms of a substance by another atom or group of atoms. Substitution may be either free radical, electrophilic or nucleophilic. Alkanes, alkylhalides, Benzene undergo susbtitution.
e.g.: RX + KOH (aq.) 
R OH + KX
Addition Reactions:
reactions involving the addition of a reagent (electrophile or nucleophile or free radical) with unsaturated compound (alkene or alkyne) to form a single product.
e.g.: H2C = CH2 + HBr CH3 CH2Br
Elimination Reactions:
Reactions involving the loss of 2 atoms or groups present on the same carbon or different carbon atoms to form an unsaturated compound (alkene or alkyne)
e.g.: C2H5Br + KOH (alc.) 
C2H4 + KBr + H2O
Rearrangement reactions:
Reactions involving the migration of an atom of a group from one C atom to another C atom within the molecule.
10. Name the products A, B and C formed in the following reactions.
11. Discuss Markownikoff's rule and Kharasch effect
A: Markownikoff's rule:
The negative part of the addendum (adding reagent) gets attached to that carbon atom of the double bond which has least number of H atoms.
Kharasch effect:
The negative part of the addendum (in presence of peroxide) gets attached to that carbon atom of the double bond which has more number of H atoms.
12. Describe any 2 methods of preparation of Ethane.Give any four reactions of ethane
A: Decarboxylation of Sodium Propionate:
Ethane is prepared by heating sodium propionate with soda lime ( a mixturer of CaO & NaOH)
C2H5 CooNa + NaOH 
C2H6 + Na2CO3
Kolbe's Electrolysis:
Ethane is prepared by the electrolysis of potassium acetate solution.
Chemical properrties:
Halogenation:
C2H6 on halogenation in presence of sun light gives mixture halogen derivatives. It takes place through free radical mechanism.
Nitration:
C2H6 on nitration with HNO3 Vapours give nitro ehtane
Pyrolysis:
C2H6 on Strong heating gives Ethene
C2H6 
C2H4 + H2
Controlled Oxidation:
C2H6 on Controlled Oxidation with Manganese acetate gives acetic acid
13. Describe 2 methods of preparation of ethylene. Give equations for the reactions of ethylene with the following.
(a) O3 (b) Cold and dil. alk. KMnO4 (C) O2 in presence of Ag at 200°C (d) H2
A: Dehalogenation:
When 1, 2 dibromo ethane is heated with Zinc dust in alcohol, Ethene is formed
Dehydration:
When ethyl alcohol is heated with Conc. H2SO4 at 170°C, Ethene is formed.
Chemical Properties:
OZONOLYSIS:
Ozone gives ethene Ozonide with ethene. Which on reduction with Zn & H2O gives formaldehyde. This process is called Ozonolysis
Oxidation:
When C2H4 is passed through Baeyer's reagent (Cold, dilute, alkaline KMnO4), KMnO4 decolourises due to formation of ethylene glycol (Antifreeze)
Polymerisation:
The process of formation of large molecule from simple molecules (of same or different). Ethene heated with O2 at 2000C at 2000 atm gives Polythene
Addition of H2:
Ethene reacts with H2 to give Ethane
14. Give 2 methods of preparation of acetylene. Give equations for the reactions of acetylane with the following.
(a) H2O (b) O3 (c) Ammonical AgNo3 (d) Ammonical Cu2 Cl2
A: Dehalogenation
When 1, 1, 2, 2 tetra bromo ethane is heated with Zn dust, acetylen is formed
Kolbe's electrolysis:
Acetylene is prepared by the electrolysis of concentrated potassium maleate (or funarate) solution.
Chemical properties
Addition of water:
C2H2 on addition with water in presence of 1% HgSO4, 30% H2SO4 gives Vinyl alcohol, which tautomerise to give acetaldehyde
Addition of HCl
C2H2 reacts with HCl to give 1, 1 dichloro ethane
Addition of O3
C2H2 reacts with O3 to form ozonide, which further reacts with Zn & H2O to form glyoxal (reaction is reductive ozonolysis)
( Note: C2H2 on oxidative ozonolysis give HCOOH)
Action of Ammonical AgNO3
C2H2, when passed through ammonical AgNO3, a white precipitate of Ag2C2 is formed
Action of Ammonical Cu2Cl2:
C2H2, when passed through ammonical Cu2, Cl2, a red precipitate of Cu2C2 is formed.
15. Describe any two methods of preparation of Benzene. Explain the Halogenation, Nitration, Sulphonation, Friedel Craft's alkylation of Benzene.
A: From Phenol:
Phenol on distillation with Zinc dust gives C6H6
By Polymerization:
C2H2 When passed through red hot iron tube gives C6H6
Chemical Properties
Electrophilic substitution Reactions:
Halogenation:
C6H6 reacts with Cl6, AlCl6 (which form electrophile Cl+) to give C6H5Cl.
Nitration:
C6H6 on heating (< 60°C) with nitration mixture (1 conc. HNO3 : 1 Conc. H2SO4 by volumes which forms electrophile NO2+) to give nitro benzene
Sulphonation:
Benzene on reaction with oleum (funing H2SO4) gives benzene sulphonic acid. (In this reaction electrophile is SO3)
Friedel - craft's alkylation:
C6H6 reacts with CH3Cl in presence of anhydrous AlCl3 which forms electrophile CH3+) gives toluene.
