Questions - Answers
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. What are the measures one has to take to prevent contracting STDs?
A: a. Avoiding sex with unknown or multiple partners.
b. Using condomes during coitus.
c. Consulting qualified doctor and getting complete treatment in case of infections.
2. What in your view are the reasons for population explosion, especially in India?
A: a. Decline in mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate etc.,
b. Due to lack of awareness in family planning in people of certain religions.
3. It is true that 'MTP is not meant for population control'. Then why did the Government of India legalize MTP?
A: Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before the full term of gestation is called Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) or induced abortion. In this procedure pregnancy is terminated with the help of medications.
Government of India made an act in 1971 legalizing MTP with certain restrictions and conditions to avoid its misuse. These restrictions are more important that the administrative machinery can keep a check on indiscriminate and illegal female foeticides. Legalizing MTP is still an issue of serious debate in many countries because of ethical, religious and social issues involved.
4. What is amniocentesis? Name any two disorders that can be detected by amniocentesis.
A: a. Amniocentesis is a diagnostic procedure to detect genetic defects in the unborn baby.
b. Down syndrome, Turner's syndrome.
5. Mention the advantages of lactational amenorrhea method.
A: Amenorrhea means absence of menstruation because ovulation does not occur during the period of intense lactation by mother. This condition is known as lactational amenorrhea.
II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Describe briefly the common sexually transmitted diseases.
A: The disease or infection transmitted through sexual contact is known as STD or Venerial Disease (VD). All the STDs (except HIV, genital herpes and hepatitis - B) are curable, if they undergo complete medical treatment. Untreated STDs in women may lead to pelvic inflammatory diseases, abortions, still births, ectopic pregnancy, infertility or cancer of reproductive tract. To control the STDs, one should follow -
i. Avoiding sexual contact with unknown or multiple partners.
ii. Using condoms.
iii. Consulting a qualified doctor for early detection of STD and getting complete treatment.
Some of the common STD's and the causative organisms are shown below.
2. Describe surgical methods of contraception.
A: Surgical procedure to prevent pregnancy is known as sterilisation. Sterilisation in male is called vasectomy and in female, it is called tubectomy.
a. Vasectomy: A small part of vas deferens on either side is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum. Thus the sperms are prevented from reaching seminal vesicle and so the semen in vasectomised male does not contain sperms.
b. Tubectomy: A small part of fallopian tube on both sides is removed through a small incision. This will block the entry of ova into the fallopian tubes and thus pregnancy is prevented.
3. Write short notes on any two of the following.
a. IVF b. ICSI c. IUDs
A: a: Invitro fertilisation and embryo transfer - In this method, ovum and sperm of the parents are fertilised outside and the developing embryo (at 8 celled stage) is transferred to the mother's uterus for further development. (Test Tube Baby Procedure)
b: Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection - In this method, sperm is injected into the ovum in the laboratory and later, embryo is transfered to uterus of mother.
c: Intra Uterine devices (IUD)
i. Non medicated IUD - loops
ii. Copper T
iii. Hormone releasing IUD
4. Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples to have children.
A: 1. Invitro fertilisation and embryo transfer - In this method, ovum and sperm of the parents are fertilised outside and the developing embryo (at 8 celled stage) is transferred to the mother's uterus for further development. (Test Tube Baby Procedure)
2. Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer - In this method, ovum and sperm are fertilised out side and the zygote is transfered to the Fallopian tube for further course of development.
3. Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) - In this method, when ovaries are defective, an ovum is collected from a donor and transfered into the fallopian tube of the recipient for fertilisation and further development.
4. Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection - In this method, sperm is injected into the ovum in the laboratory and later, embryo is transfered to uterus of mother.
5. Artifical Insemination - In this method, semen is collected from the male partner and is released in the uterus of female partner for further developmental process.
